Stream network modelling using lidar and photogrammetric digital elevation models: a comparison and field verification   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Paul N. C. Murphy  Jae Ogilvie  Fan‐Rui Meng  Paul Arp 《水文研究》2008,22(12):1747-1754

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Shuffled Complex Evolution model calibrating algorithm: enhancing its robustness and efficiency   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nitin Muttil  A. W. Jayawardena 《水文研究》2008,22(23):4628-4638

Shuffled Complex Evolution—University of Arizona (SCE‐UA) has been used extensively and proved to be a robust and efficient global optimization method for the calibration of conceptual models. In this paper, two enhancements to the SCE‐UA algorithm are proposed, one to improve its exploration and another to improve its exploitation of the search space. A strategically located initial population is used to improve the exploration capability and a modification to the downhill simplex search method enhances its exploitation capability. This enhanced version of SCE‐UA is tested, first on a suite of test functions and then on a conceptual rainfall‐runoff model using synthetically generated runoff values. It is observed that the strategically located initial population drastically reduces the number of failures and the modified simplex search also leads to a significant reduction in the number of function evaluations to reach the global optimum, when compared with the original SCE‐UA. Thus, the two enhancements significantly improve the robustness and efficiency of the SCE‐UA model calibrating algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

喜马拉雅山北坡卡鲁雄曲径流与气候变化   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

张菲  刘景时  巩同梁  王宏 《地理学报》2006,61(11):1141-1148

以冰川融水补给为主的喜马拉雅山北坡的卡鲁雄曲流域,近20年平均气温以0.34 ^oC/10a的趋势上升,高于西藏年均温0.26 ^oC/10a的增长率,更是明显高于全国和全球气温的增长率,且极端最高温都出现在20世纪90年代。后10年气温 (1994~2003年) 比前十年 (1983~1993年) 升高0.5 ^oC,径流量增加了26%;不同月份径流增加强度不同,10~2月增加了44%,7~9月增加了27%,3~6月增加了24%。径流对气候变化的响应最灵敏 (一年中有8个月的增加趋势通过了α = 0.05的显著性检验),尤其是秋冬季的径流 (增加趋势超过α = 0.01的显著性检验)。受冰川消融和季风影响,不同时期的径流有不同的影响因素,但存在共性,即气温对径流起着积极主导作用,而降水对径流的影响具有不确定性,即正负双面效应。  相似文献   

黄河河源区变化环境下分布式水文模拟   总被引：33，自引：4，他引：29  

李道峰  田英  刘昌明 《地理学报》2004,59(4):565-573

将黄河河源区划分为38个自然子流域,利用分布式水文模型模拟径流量,采用唐乃亥水文站逐年、月实测径流资料进行验证,得到了较好的模拟效果。文章建立了5种土地覆被情景模型及24组不同气温和降水的情景组合,分别模拟不同情景下的年径流量。模拟结果表明,随着植被覆盖度的增加,流域年径流量减小,蒸发量增加。当气温降低2_oC且降水增加20%时,流域径流量增加得最大,增加39.69%。  相似文献   

Atmospheric hydrological budget with its effects over Tibetan Plateau   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

BAI Jingyu  XU Xiangde 《地理学报(英文版)》2004,14(1):81-86

1IntroductionThe Tibetan Plateau is the most prominent feature located at unique latitudes in the world and shows special dynamic and thermal effects, thus responsible for a conspicuous hydrological cycle in the atmosphere within Asian monsoon areas, and an extremely sensitive region of land-air interactions in East Asia. A lot of researches have dealt with Tibetan dynamic and thermal effects on atmospheric circulation (Ye and Gao, 1979; Zhang etal., 1988; Ye and Fang, 1999; Zheng etal., 2…  相似文献   

冻土温度状况研究方法和应用分析   总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6  

李述训  吴通华 《冰川冻土》2004,26(4):377-383

分析讨论了冻土温度状况研究中相关问题,包括构成多年冻土层的岩性、含水量、结构和构造,决定多年冻土温度状况动态变化的地面温度与气温间的关系,地中热流,研究区域的确定以及取决于地层的岩性、含水量、结构和构造、容重的热量在地层内传播过程的热物理参数.在分析物理学、地学和气候学等学科研究结果的基础上,笔者认为:1)在研究冻土温度状况问题中,研究区域应根据所研究问题的时间尺度确定,由于多年冻土层内不同深度上的温度和热流(或温度梯度)随时间的不同影响深度也不同,研究数十年时间尺度的多年冻土温度状况问题,一般应取多年冻土下限处的地中热流(或温度梯度)作为问题的下边界条件;2)以气温积温(或气温)与地面温度积温(或地面温度)比值所定义的N系数不仅存在年变化、季节变化和日变化,并在求解时必须已知地面冻结(或融化)的持续时间,而在目前对于不同地面条件缺乏定量描述气温与地面温度间关系的实验基础.因此,在缺乏比较严格的地面条件定量描述的情况下,应用气温与地面温度之差描述二者间的关系可能更为简单;3)在青藏高原地区,由于不同区域地形、地面条件、地层岩性以及地中热流等存在着很大差异,因而,不同区域多年冻土的热状况也不同.所以,不能简单地以气温等值线进行多年冻土制图,更不能以此年冻土变化预报的基础.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地奈曼旗近5年来风况及合成输沙势   总被引：21，自引：13，他引：8  

张华  李锋瑞  李玉霖  伏乾科 《中国沙漠》2004,24(5):623-627

应用奈曼沙漠化研究站1998-2002年的气象资料, 统计分析了奈曼旗近5a来的风况特征和输沙势。结果表明: ①研究区3~5月起沙风发生频数最高, 占全年起沙风的38%~58%; 平均风速和最大风速值最大, 分别为6.0~7.5m·s^-1和9.5~16.9m·s^-1。该风况特征与地表冻融、裸露、干旱疏松相耦合, 形成了区内的风沙活动期。②在风沙活动期内, 风环境基本为锐双峰风况, 西北风居主导地位, 频数占54%; 南风和西南风次之, 频数占38%。③在风沙活动期内, 研究区属于高风能环境, 合成输沙势RDP为66.3VU(风速以m·s^-1为单位), 合成输沙方向RDD为ESE113°。  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地春季冷锋过境的地面风况特征     

韩广  尤莉  程玉琴 《中国沙漠》2016,36(4):1087-1096

对13个气象台站2014年5月上旬逐时风况的分析发现：（1）受高空槽和地面低压的影响,科尔沁沙地冷锋过境时瞬时风速8h内快速增加到10m·5s^-1以上,风向转为西北风;（2）上风向锡林郭勒草原的冷锋推进速度约为12.5m·5s^-1,科尔沁沙地主体部分则降到9.21m·5s^-1,总体推进速度因地而异;（3）风速的功率谱以大兴安岭东麓的林西县幅值最大,科尔沁左翼后旗最小;（4）沙地和草原两地区分别存在区域性10h、25h和2h、4h周期性,而冷锋过境引起的强风周期性不明显;（5）常年稳定而频繁的冷锋过境,不仅造成了沙丘的形态变化和不同程度的位移,而且还塑造和维持着该区沙丘群的多种空间格局。  相似文献   

Continuous spatially distributed simulation of surface and subsurface hydrological processes in a small semiarid catchment     

Marco Maneta  Susanne Schnabel  Victor Jetten 《水文研究》2008,22(13):2196-2214

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On the prediction of the Toce alpine basin floods with distributed hydrologic models     

Nicola Montaldo  Giovanni Ravazzani  Marco Mancini 《水文研究》2007,21(5):608-621

With the objective of improving flood predictions, in recent years sophisticated continuous hydrologic models that include complex land‐surface sub‐models have been developed. This has produced a significant increase in parameterization; consequently, applications of distributed models to ungauged basins lacking specific data from field campaigns may become redundant. The objective of this paper is to produce a parsimonious and robust distributed hydrologic model for flood predictions in Italian alpine basins. Application is made to the Toce basin (area 1534 km²). The Toce basin was a case study of the RAPHAEL European Union research project, during which a comprehensive set of hydrologic, meteorological and physiographic data were collected, including the hydrologic analysis of the 1996–1997 period. Two major floods occurred during this period. We compare the FEST04 event model (which computes rainfall abstraction and antecedent soil moisture conditions through the simple Soil Conservation Service curve number method) and two continuous hydrologic models, SDM and TDM (which differ in soil water balance scheme, and base flow and runoff generation computations). The simple FEST04 event model demonstrated good performance in the prediction of the 1997 flood, but shows limits in the prediction of the long and moderate 1996 flood. More robust predictions are obtained with the parsimonious SDM continuous hydrologic model, which uses a simple one‐layer soil water balance model and an infiltration excess mechanism for runoff generation, and demonstrates good performance in both long‐term runoff modelling and flood predictions. Instead, the use of a more sophisticated continuous hydrologic model, the TDM, that simulates soil moisture dynamics in two layers of soil, and computes runoff and base flow using some TOPMODEL concepts, does not seem to be advantageous for this alpine basin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献